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The basic operation of both databases is more or less identical A relatively simple process of getting information from the database can be summarized on both systems like this: 1 Open a database connection 2 Submit a query 3 Start a loop to retrieve each row 4 Extract each record 5 Close the database connection Whichever database and interface you decide to use, the query method is the same you use SQL statements to create tables, add or modify data, and to get it back Although there are minor differences in the exact SQL implementation (as with all standards) the same statements should return the same information If you are not familiar with SQL, then see the SQL Refresher section later in this chapter If you are developing a script that may use a number of different databases, then here are some tips for making the process of moving from one driver to another a bit easier: I Check that the return value from a DBD module matches what you expect The DBI module doesn t normalize all the error codes and values from all database drivers, so check the documentation specific to the DBD module I Write SQL queries as tightly as possible so as to remove ambiguity and reduce the return dataset to only what you need Also, don t rely too much on engine-specific SQL components, especially data types Some engines support 20 to 30 different types for different pieces of information In reality, you could probably get away with the types listed in the SQL Refresher section later in the chapter I Don t rely on engine-specific features Transactions are not supported by all engines, and other features like outer joins, triggers, and persistent sequences are not always available I Avoid making assumptions about what is available Ensure that your script knows which database interface it s using The easiest way to get around the issues raised in the previous tips is to write an extra level of interface between your application and the DBI module From that interface you can make decisions about which tools and tricks to use, according to the database driver For example, you could create a function called add that sits between your script and the DBI interface If your database supports transactions, add would use them, but for databases that do not support transactions, the function would just supply the SQL statement without using transactions.

Subacute blood, contusions, CSF disorders Infarcts, in ammation, tumors Edema, in ammation Acute infarcts Hemorrhages, calci cation Spine and orbit studies (eliminates fat signals)

EXAMPLE 128 U s i n g D o u b l e I n t e g r o lt o D e i e r m i n e v e r o g eT e m p e r o t u r e A

The act of connecting to a database associates an object with a connection to the database itself, and it s this object through which you communicate with the database

CSF, bone, edema, deoxyhemoglobin mineralization CSF, liquids, edema Most pathology Edema, in ammation, gliosis

Under DBI, you only import the DBI module, not the DBD that you want to use to connect to the database, and then you create a DBI object using the connect method:

Problem Stotement Supposethat the temperature a rectangularheatecl of plate is described the following function: by : I ( t - r , ) 2 x ) * 2 r - x 2 - 2 t ' 2+ 1 2 If the plate is 8 m long (;r dimension)and 6 m wide (,y dimension),computethe average temperature Solution First,let us merelyusetwo-segment applications thetrapezoiclal in each of rule dirnension The temperatures the necessary,r at and y valuesare depicted Fig 1717 in Note that a simple average thesevaluesis 4733The function can also be evaluated of analyticallyto yield a resultof 5866667 To make the same evaluationnumerically,the trapezoidalrule is first implemented along the ,r climensionfor each-r'value Thesevaluesare then integratedalong the I' dimensionto give the final result of 2688 Dividing this by the areayields the averagetemp e r a t u r e s2 6 8 8 / ( 6 x 8 ) : 5 6 a Now we can applya single-segment Simpson'sl/3 rule in thesamefashionThis results in an integral 28 l6 andan average 5866667, of of which is exact Why doesthisoccur Reperfect call thatSimpson's /3 ruleyielded | results cubicpolynomials for Sincethehighest-

kocytes per cubic millimeter) occurs on about the third day A persistent pleocytosis, however, suggests a chronic meningitis (syphilis, tuberculosis, cryptococcosis), granulomatous arteritis, septic embolism, thrombophlebitis, or a nonvascular process as the cause of vascular occlusion Serum cholesterol, triglycerides, or both are elevated in many cases, but normal values are not helpful The EEG is of value in distinguishing large strokes from lacunes, as already mentioned The changes in the EEG overlying a cortical infarct may normalize during the subsequent several months Course and Prognosis When the patient is seen early in the course of cerebral thrombosis, it is dif cult to give an accurate prognosis One must ask where the patient stands in the stroke process at the time of the examination Is worsening to be antici-

use DBI; my $dbh = DBI->connect(DSN);

F I G U R E7 1 7 1 Nurnericol evoluotionc double of integrol thetwo-segmenl using rule tropezoidol